The Observance of Human Rights and Freedoms during the Covert Obtaining of Information in Criminal Proceedings
Słowa kluczowe:
covert obtaining of information, criminal justice, human rights and freedoms, internal control, judicial reviewAbstrakt
This article focuses on the analysis of problematic aspects of the system of internal control and judicial review over the protection of human rights and freedoms in the context of covert obtaining of information for the needs of criminal justice. Focusing on control measures and striking a balance between justice and human rights, the article dwells upon the effectiveness of supervision mechanisms and the factors affecting their efficiency. Analysis of legislation and case law of various European countries is therefore carried out to assess the effectiveness of control measures. Various factors that determine the effectiveness of control measures are examined. In addition, ways of solving these issues in the legislation of European countries and other jurisdictions are considered. As a result, the main problems and obstacles in ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens while secretly obtaining information for criminal justice are identified. Furthermore, the effectiveness of mechanisms of internal control and judicial review in criminal proceedings is evaluated. Finally, a course of actions is suggested to maintain the balance of interests between criminal justice and human rights and freedoms.Bibliografia
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Business Ombudsman Council. (2024). Response to the Request of the Business Ombudsman Council dated 18 January 2024. https://boi.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/3q-2024-ua-30102024–1.pdf
Council of Europe. (2015). On the freedom of expression of judges. Venice Commission Report, no. CDLAD(2015)018-e. https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD(2015)018-e
Davies, S. (1996). Big Brother: Britain’s Web of Surveillance and the New Technological Order. Pan.
Electronic Privacy Information Centre and Privacy International. (2002). Privacy and human rights 2002: An international survey of privacy rights and developments. Electronic Privacy Information.
European Union. (2010). Consolidated Versions of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union with Protocols and Declarations, No. 994_B06. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12012E/TXT:en:PDF
Gavison, R. (1980). Privacy and the limits of law. Yale Law Journal, 89, 421–428.
German Federal Ministry of Justice. (1987). Code of Criminal Procedure. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stpo/englisch_stpo.html
Gronowska, B. (2021). Commentary to the Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 16 September 2021 in the case of X v. Poland (appl. no. 20741/10). Białostockie Studia Prawnicze, 27(3), 243–258. https://doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2022.27.03.14
High Anti-Corruption Court of Ukraine. (2024a). https://first.vaks.gov.ua/publications/statystyka-vaks/
High Anti-Corruption Court of Ukraine. (2024b). Letter of response, ‘Regarding the number of petitions for the conduct of secret investigative (investigative) actions received for consideration by investigative judges of the Higher Anti-Corruption Court and the results of their consideration’, no. 140/24Vx. Limited access, available on request.
Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 20 July 2021 on the case of Zoltán Varga v. Slovakia, case no. 58361/12. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001–211180
Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 16 December 1992 on the case of Niemietz v. Germany, case no. 13710/88. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001–57887
Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 4 December 2015 on the case of Roman Zakharov v. Russia, case no. 47143/06. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre?i=001–159324
Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 22 July 2021 on the case of Azer Ahmadov v. Azerbaijan, case no. 3409/10. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre?i=001–211101
Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 25 May 2021 on the case of Big Brother Watch and Others v. The United Kingdom, case nos. 58170/13, 62322/14 and 24960/15. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre?i=001–210077
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Koval, A. (2019). Zabezpechennia prav liudyny pry provadzhenni nehlasnykh slidchykh (rozshukovykh) dii: monohrafiia [Ensuring human rights in production covert investigative (search) actions: monograph]. Petro Mohyla Black Sea National University.
Kubuj, K. (2022). The role of general clause of (public) morals based on selected European Court of Human Rights’ judgments. Białostockie Studia Prawnicze, 27(4), 101–119. https://doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2022.27.04.07
Leiva, A. (2024). ‘It’s all about who you know’: Investigating the involvement process in regard to organised criminal groups within Australia. Social Sciences, 13(9), article number 473.
Letwin, J. (2023). Proportionality, stringency and utility in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, Human Rights Law Review, 23(3), article number ngad014. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngad014
National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine. (2024a). Letter of response, ‘Regarding issues related to the issuance by prosecutors of resolutions on control over the commission of crimes, the introduction by prosecutors of acts of prosecutorial response, bringing prosecutors, investigators to disciplinary or criminal responsibility, and regarding the provision of static information concerning confidential investigative (search) actions’, no. 27/3–26 ext-24. Limited access, available on request.
National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine. (2024b). Letter of response, ‘Regarding the number of requests submitted by investigators, inquirers, prosecutors for permission to conduct secret investigative (search) actions, the results of their consideration by investigative judges, about keeping records of the number of permits granted by investigative judges to conduct types of secret investigative actions in criminal proceedings’, no. 27/3–24 ext-24. Limited access, available on request.
National Police of Ukraine. (2024). Response letter, ‘Regarding the provision of information on the number of requests submitted by investigators, investigators, and prosecutors for permission to conduct secret investigative (search) actions’, no. 8689–2024. Limited access, available on request.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2007). Specialized institutions for combating corruption: A review of models. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/corruption/acn/39972270.pdf
Rakipova, I., Pidgorodynsk, A., & Melnyk, A. (2023). Concepts, forms, types and main categories of human rights communication of the victim in criminal proceedings. Legal Horizons, 16(1), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.54477/LH.25192353.2023.1.
Republic of Estonia. (2004). Criminal Procedure Code https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/530102013093/consolide
Republic of Kazakhstan. (1994). Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan ‘On operational investigative activities’, no. 154–XIII. https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/Z940004000_#z76
Republic of Moldova. (2003). Criminal Procedure Code. https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/2003/en/104339
Republic of Ukraine. (2013). Criminal Procedure Code. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4651–4617#Text
Smith, R. E. (2000). Ben Franklin’s Web Site. Sheridan Books.
State Judicial Administration of Ukraine. (2024). Letter no. inf/BB-24–29/24 https://dsa.court.gov.ua/dsa/inshe/14/
Stoykova, R. (2024). A governance model for digital evidence in criminal proceedings. Computer Law and Security Review, 55, article number 106040.
Suleymanli, S. (2023). The key principles of international law as the legal grounds for the fight against illegal traffic of cultural heritage objects. Legal Horizons, 16(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.54477/LH.25192353.2023.1.pp.57–64
Vaško, A. (2022). The legal regulation of special means by the Intelligence Agency of the Slovak Republic within the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. Access to Justice in Eastern Europe, 3(15), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18–5.3-a000309
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. (2012). Instructions on the organization of covert investigative (search) actions and the use of their results in criminal proceedings. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/v0114900–12#Text
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. (2021a). Decree of the President of Ukraine, ‘About the national strategy in the field of human rights’, no. 119/2021. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/119/2021
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. (2021b). Decree of the President of Ukraine, ‘National strategy for the development of civil society in Ukraine for 2021–2026’, no. 487/2021. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/487/2021
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. (2024). Letter Office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine, no. 27/3–24 ext-24. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/v0027900–19
Yuhno, O. O. (2013). Certain aspects of the legislation and practice of the use of covert investigative (detective) actions in criminal proceedings. Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs, ., 169–178.
Zafar, A. (2024). Balancing the scale: Navigating ethical and practical challenges of artificial intelligence (AI) integration in legal practices. Discover Artificial Intelligence, .(1), article number 27.
Business Ombudsman Council. (2024). Response to the Request of the Business Ombudsman Council dated 18 January 2024. https://boi.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/3q-2024-ua-30102024–1.pdf
Council of Europe. (2015). On the freedom of expression of judges. Venice Commission Report, no. CDLAD(2015)018-e. https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD(2015)018-e
Davies, S. (1996). Big Brother: Britain’s Web of Surveillance and the New Technological Order. Pan.
Electronic Privacy Information Centre and Privacy International. (2002). Privacy and human rights 2002: An international survey of privacy rights and developments. Electronic Privacy Information.
European Union. (2010). Consolidated Versions of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union with Protocols and Declarations, No. 994_B06. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12012E/TXT:en:PDF
Gavison, R. (1980). Privacy and the limits of law. Yale Law Journal, 89, 421–428.
German Federal Ministry of Justice. (1987). Code of Criminal Procedure. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stpo/englisch_stpo.html
Gronowska, B. (2021). Commentary to the Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 16 September 2021 in the case of X v. Poland (appl. no. 20741/10). Białostockie Studia Prawnicze, 27(3), 243–258. https://doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2022.27.03.14
High Anti-Corruption Court of Ukraine. (2024a). https://first.vaks.gov.ua/publications/statystyka-vaks/
High Anti-Corruption Court of Ukraine. (2024b). Letter of response, ‘Regarding the number of petitions for the conduct of secret investigative (investigative) actions received for consideration by investigative judges of the Higher Anti-Corruption Court and the results of their consideration’, no. 140/24Vx. Limited access, available on request.
Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 20 July 2021 on the case of Zoltán Varga v. Slovakia, case no. 58361/12. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001–211180
Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 16 December 1992 on the case of Niemietz v. Germany, case no. 13710/88. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001–57887
Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 4 December 2015 on the case of Roman Zakharov v. Russia, case no. 47143/06. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre?i=001–159324
Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 22 July 2021 on the case of Azer Ahmadov v. Azerbaijan, case no. 3409/10. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre?i=001–211101
Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 25 May 2021 on the case of Big Brother Watch and Others v. The United Kingdom, case nos. 58170/13, 62322/14 and 24960/15. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre?i=001–210077
Judicial Authority of Ukraine. (2024). Judicial statistics. https://court.gov.ua/inshe/sudova_statystyka/
Koval, A. (2019). Zabezpechennia prav liudyny pry provadzhenni nehlasnykh slidchykh (rozshukovykh) dii: monohrafiia [Ensuring human rights in production covert investigative (search) actions: monograph]. Petro Mohyla Black Sea National University.
Kubuj, K. (2022). The role of general clause of (public) morals based on selected European Court of Human Rights’ judgments. Białostockie Studia Prawnicze, 27(4), 101–119. https://doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2022.27.04.07
Leiva, A. (2024). ‘It’s all about who you know’: Investigating the involvement process in regard to organised criminal groups within Australia. Social Sciences, 13(9), article number 473.
Letwin, J. (2023). Proportionality, stringency and utility in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, Human Rights Law Review, 23(3), article number ngad014. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngad014
National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine. (2024a). Letter of response, ‘Regarding issues related to the issuance by prosecutors of resolutions on control over the commission of crimes, the introduction by prosecutors of acts of prosecutorial response, bringing prosecutors, investigators to disciplinary or criminal responsibility, and regarding the provision of static information concerning confidential investigative (search) actions’, no. 27/3–26 ext-24. Limited access, available on request.
National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine. (2024b). Letter of response, ‘Regarding the number of requests submitted by investigators, inquirers, prosecutors for permission to conduct secret investigative (search) actions, the results of their consideration by investigative judges, about keeping records of the number of permits granted by investigative judges to conduct types of secret investigative actions in criminal proceedings’, no. 27/3–24 ext-24. Limited access, available on request.
National Police of Ukraine. (2024). Response letter, ‘Regarding the provision of information on the number of requests submitted by investigators, investigators, and prosecutors for permission to conduct secret investigative (search) actions’, no. 8689–2024. Limited access, available on request.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2007). Specialized institutions for combating corruption: A review of models. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/corruption/acn/39972270.pdf
Rakipova, I., Pidgorodynsk, A., & Melnyk, A. (2023). Concepts, forms, types and main categories of human rights communication of the victim in criminal proceedings. Legal Horizons, 16(1), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.54477/LH.25192353.2023.1.
Republic of Estonia. (2004). Criminal Procedure Code https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/530102013093/consolide
Republic of Kazakhstan. (1994). Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan ‘On operational investigative activities’, no. 154–XIII. https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/Z940004000_#z76
Republic of Moldova. (2003). Criminal Procedure Code. https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/2003/en/104339
Republic of Ukraine. (2013). Criminal Procedure Code. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4651–4617#Text
Smith, R. E. (2000). Ben Franklin’s Web Site. Sheridan Books.
State Judicial Administration of Ukraine. (2024). Letter no. inf/BB-24–29/24 https://dsa.court.gov.ua/dsa/inshe/14/
Stoykova, R. (2024). A governance model for digital evidence in criminal proceedings. Computer Law and Security Review, 55, article number 106040.
Suleymanli, S. (2023). The key principles of international law as the legal grounds for the fight against illegal traffic of cultural heritage objects. Legal Horizons, 16(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.54477/LH.25192353.2023.1.pp.57–64
Vaško, A. (2022). The legal regulation of special means by the Intelligence Agency of the Slovak Republic within the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. Access to Justice in Eastern Europe, 3(15), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18–5.3-a000309
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. (2012). Instructions on the organization of covert investigative (search) actions and the use of their results in criminal proceedings. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/v0114900–12#Text
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. (2021a). Decree of the President of Ukraine, ‘About the national strategy in the field of human rights’, no. 119/2021. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/119/2021
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. (2021b). Decree of the President of Ukraine, ‘National strategy for the development of civil society in Ukraine for 2021–2026’, no. 487/2021. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/487/2021
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. (2024). Letter Office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine, no. 27/3–24 ext-24. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/v0027900–19
Yuhno, O. O. (2013). Certain aspects of the legislation and practice of the use of covert investigative (detective) actions in criminal proceedings. Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs, ., 169–178.
Zafar, A. (2024). Balancing the scale: Navigating ethical and practical challenges of artificial intelligence (AI) integration in legal practices. Discover Artificial Intelligence, .(1), article number 27.
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2025-01-09
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