Integrating Routine Activity Theory and Transparency in Governance for Food Security through the Example of Operation Opson
Słowa kluczowe:
criminology, food security, Operation Opson, routine activity theory, transparency in governanceAbstrakt
This article explores the integration of criminology into food security policies through the lens of Routine Activity Theory (RAT) and transparency in governance, with a specific focus on Operation Opson. Food-related crimes, including fraud, theft, and contamination, pose significant threats to global food security and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger. The study develops an integrated framework combining RAT and transparency to identify, prevent, and respond to food-related crimes, ultimately strengthening food security. RAT helps map out the food supply chain’s vulnerabilities, identifying motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardians. Transparency in governance enhances accountability and public trust by making regulatory processes and results openly accessible. The case study of Operation Opson, a joint initiative by Interpol and Europol, illustrates the practical application of this framework. The findings underscore the importance of incorporating criminological insights into food security strategies to achieve zero hunger by 2030, promoting a more secure and resilient global food system.Bibliografia
Anderson, K., & McCall, M. (2005). Farm crime in Australia (Archive No. 119). Australian Institute of Criminology. https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/archive/archive-119
Astor, R. A., Guerra, N., & Van Acker, R. (2010). How can we improve school safety research? Educational Researcher, 39(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X09357619
Brantingham, P. L., & Brantingham, P. J. (1995). Criminality of place: Crime generators and crime attractors. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, .(3), 5–26.
Brunt, P., Mawby, R., & Hambly, Z. (2000). Tourist victimization and the fear of crime on holiday. Tourism Management, 21(4), 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261–5177(99)00096–8
Ceccato, V., & Newton, A. (Eds.). (2015). Safety and security in transit environments: An interdisciplinary approach. Springer.
Clarke, R. V. (1999). Hot products: Understanding, anticipating, and reducing demand for stolen goods [Police Research Series Paper 112]. United Kingdom Home Office.
Clarke, R. V., & Felson, M. (Eds.). (1993). Routine activity and rational choice: Advances in criminological theory. Transaction Publishers.
Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588–608.
Donaldson, M., & Kingsbury, B. (2013). The adoption of transparency policies in global governance institutions: Justifications, effects, and implications. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, .(1), 119–147. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102811–173840
Donnermeyer, J. F. (2017). Rural criminology: Rooted in a distinct tradition. International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy, .(1), 118–132. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v6i1.384
Eck, J. E., & Weisburd, D. (1995). Crime places in crime theory. Crime and Place, ., 1–33.
European Commission. (2024). EU coordinated action ‘From the hives’ (Honey, 2021–2022). https://food.ec.europa.eu/safety/eu-agri-food-fraud-network/eu-coordinated-actions/honey-2021–2022_en
European Parliament and Council. (2002). Regulation (EC) No. 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 Laying Down the General Principles and Requirements of Food Law, Establishing the European Food Safety Authority and Laying Down Procedures in Matters of Food Safety (O. J. L 31, 1.2.2002, 1–24). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32002R0178
European Parliament and Council. (2017). Regulation (EU) 2017/625 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2017 on Official Controls and Other Official Activities Performed to Ensure the Application of Food and Feed Law, Rules on Animal Health and Welfare, Plant Health and Plant Protection Products (O. J. L 95, 7.4.2017, 1–142). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32017R0625
European Parliament and Council. (2019). Directive (EU) 2019/633 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on Unfair Trading Practices in Business-to-Business Relationships in the Agricultural and Food Supply Chain (O. J. L 111, 25.4.2019, 59–72). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019L0633
Europol. (2014). Report. Operation Opson III. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/report-opson-iii-public-edoc-723995#downloads
Europol. (2015). Report. Operation Opson IV. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/report-opson-iv-public-edoc-775692
Europol. (2016). Report. Operation Opson V. https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/food-fraud-joint-europol-interpol-operation-opson-v-results-report
Europol. (2024). Publications & Events. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events
Europol, Interpol. (2017). Report, Operation Opson VI. Targeting counterfeit and substandard foodstuff and beverage. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/operation-opson-vi-targeting-counterfeit-and-substandard-foodstuff-and-beverage#downloads
Europol, Interpol. (2018). Operation Opson VII. Analysis Report. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/operation-opson-vii-analysis-report
Europol, Interpol. (2020). Operation Opson VIII. Analysis Report. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/operation-opson-viii-analysis-report#downloads
Europol, Interpol. (2021). Operation Opson IX. Analysis Report. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/operation-opson-ix-%E2%80%93-analysis-report
Felson, M. (2002). Crime and everyday life. Sage Publications.
Financial Times. (2023). FT Food Revolution. https://www.ft.com/video/cadc8354-ac0e-4833–9047-9b31120151d0
Florini, A. (Ed.). (2007). The right to know: Transparency for an open world. Columbia University Press.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1996). Rome declaration on world food security and world food summit plan of action. World food summit, Rome, Italy. https://www.fao.org/3/w3613e/w3613e00.htm
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2023). Food safety and quality. https://www.fao.org/food-safety/news/news-details/en/c/1661886/
Food Standards Agency. (2023). Food crime. https://www.food.gov.uk/safety-hygiene/food-crime
Grant, R. W., & Keohane, R. O. (2005). Accountability and abuses of power in world politics. American Political Science Review, 99(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051476
Hale, T. N. (2008). Transparency, accountability, and global governance. Global Governance, 14(1), 73–94. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27800692
Hendricks, L., & Masehela, T. (2024). A synopsis of crimes in the South African beekeeping industry: Contextualising the industry harms, malpractices, and risks. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 13(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.3247
Hillebrandt, M., Curtin, D., & Meijer, A. (2014). Transparency in the EU Council of Ministers: An institutional analysis. European Law Journal, 20(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12051
Holley, C., Shearing, C., Harrington, C., Kennedy, A., & Mutongwizo, T. (2018). Food security and the role of law in sustainable agriculture. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 14, 185–203. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101317–030945
Holt, T. J., & Bossler, A. M. (2008). Examining the applicability of lifestyle-routine activities theory for cybercrime victimization. Deviant Behavior, 30(1), 1–25.
Interpol. (2019). Illicit food and drink seized in global operation. https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2019/Illicit-food-and-drink-seized-in-global-operation
Interpol. (2021). Illicit food and drink worth EUR 53 million seized in global operation. https://www.interpol.int/News-and-Events/News/2021/Illicit-food-and-drink-worth-EUR-53-million-seized-in-global-operation
Interpol. (2024). Food crime operations. https://www.interpol.int/Crimes/Illicit-goods/Food-crime-operations
Kaufmann, D., & Bellver, A. (2005). Transparenting transparency: Initial empirics and policy applications. World Bank.
Khamala, C. A. (2022). Green crimes: The impact of genetically modified organisms on promoting food security in Kenya. African Human Rights Yearbook, ., 291–320. https://doi.org/10.29053/2523–1367/2022/v6a13
Kosack, S., & Fung, A. (2014). Does transparency improve governance? Annual Review of Political Science, 17(1), 65–87. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-032210–144356
Laszuk, M., & Šramková, D. (2021). Challenges of customs law during the paradigm of ‘facility and security’ in international trade. Białostockie Studia Prawnicze, 26(5), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2021.26.05.01
Lenartowicz, Ł. (2021). Formy przestępczości żywnościowej na przykładzie branży mięsnej. Kortowski Przegląd Prawniczy, ., 39–57. https://doi.org/10.31648/kpp.6730
Marzęda-Młynarska, K. (2014). Globalne zarządzanie bezpieczeństwem żywnościowym na przełomie XX i XXI wieku. Wydawnictwo UMCS.
Newman, G. R., & Clarke, R. V. (2003). Superhighway robbery: Preventing e-commerce crime. Willan Publishing.
Pływaczewski, E. W., et al. (2019). Kryminologia. Stan i perspektywy rozwoju z uwzględnieniem założeń Agendy ONZ na rzecz zrównoważonego rozwoju. Wolters Kluwer.
Pływaczewski, W., & Lewkowicz, A. (Eds.). (2015). Przeciwdziałanie patologiom na rynku żywności. Wydawnictwo Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie.
Pływaczewski, W., & Płocki, R. (Eds.). (2013). Nielegalny rynek żywności. Skala zjawiska i możliwości przeciwdziałania. Wydawnictwo Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie.
Rizzuti, A. (2020). Food crime: A review of the UK institutional perception of illicit practices in the food sector. Social Sciences, .(7), 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9070112
Robinson, M. (2023). Food crime: An introduction to deviance in the food industry. Routledge.
Shaw, D. J. (2007). World food security: A history since 1945. Palgrave Macmillan.
Spink, J., & Moyer, D. C. (2011). Defining the public health threat of food fraud. Journal of Food Science, 76(9), R157–R163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750–3841.2011.02417.x
United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld
Weitzer, R. (2014). New directions in research on human trafficking. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 653(1), 6–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716214521562
Wilson, B. (2008). Swindled: The dark history of food fraud, from poisoned candy to counterfeit coffee. Princeton University Press.
World Health Organization. (2022). Food safety. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-safety
Astor, R. A., Guerra, N., & Van Acker, R. (2010). How can we improve school safety research? Educational Researcher, 39(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X09357619
Brantingham, P. L., & Brantingham, P. J. (1995). Criminality of place: Crime generators and crime attractors. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, .(3), 5–26.
Brunt, P., Mawby, R., & Hambly, Z. (2000). Tourist victimization and the fear of crime on holiday. Tourism Management, 21(4), 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261–5177(99)00096–8
Ceccato, V., & Newton, A. (Eds.). (2015). Safety and security in transit environments: An interdisciplinary approach. Springer.
Clarke, R. V. (1999). Hot products: Understanding, anticipating, and reducing demand for stolen goods [Police Research Series Paper 112]. United Kingdom Home Office.
Clarke, R. V., & Felson, M. (Eds.). (1993). Routine activity and rational choice: Advances in criminological theory. Transaction Publishers.
Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588–608.
Donaldson, M., & Kingsbury, B. (2013). The adoption of transparency policies in global governance institutions: Justifications, effects, and implications. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, .(1), 119–147. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102811–173840
Donnermeyer, J. F. (2017). Rural criminology: Rooted in a distinct tradition. International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy, .(1), 118–132. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v6i1.384
Eck, J. E., & Weisburd, D. (1995). Crime places in crime theory. Crime and Place, ., 1–33.
European Commission. (2024). EU coordinated action ‘From the hives’ (Honey, 2021–2022). https://food.ec.europa.eu/safety/eu-agri-food-fraud-network/eu-coordinated-actions/honey-2021–2022_en
European Parliament and Council. (2002). Regulation (EC) No. 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 Laying Down the General Principles and Requirements of Food Law, Establishing the European Food Safety Authority and Laying Down Procedures in Matters of Food Safety (O. J. L 31, 1.2.2002, 1–24). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32002R0178
European Parliament and Council. (2017). Regulation (EU) 2017/625 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2017 on Official Controls and Other Official Activities Performed to Ensure the Application of Food and Feed Law, Rules on Animal Health and Welfare, Plant Health and Plant Protection Products (O. J. L 95, 7.4.2017, 1–142). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32017R0625
European Parliament and Council. (2019). Directive (EU) 2019/633 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on Unfair Trading Practices in Business-to-Business Relationships in the Agricultural and Food Supply Chain (O. J. L 111, 25.4.2019, 59–72). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019L0633
Europol. (2014). Report. Operation Opson III. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/report-opson-iii-public-edoc-723995#downloads
Europol. (2015). Report. Operation Opson IV. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/report-opson-iv-public-edoc-775692
Europol. (2016). Report. Operation Opson V. https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/food-fraud-joint-europol-interpol-operation-opson-v-results-report
Europol. (2024). Publications & Events. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events
Europol, Interpol. (2017). Report, Operation Opson VI. Targeting counterfeit and substandard foodstuff and beverage. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/operation-opson-vi-targeting-counterfeit-and-substandard-foodstuff-and-beverage#downloads
Europol, Interpol. (2018). Operation Opson VII. Analysis Report. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/operation-opson-vii-analysis-report
Europol, Interpol. (2020). Operation Opson VIII. Analysis Report. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/operation-opson-viii-analysis-report#downloads
Europol, Interpol. (2021). Operation Opson IX. Analysis Report. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/operation-opson-ix-%E2%80%93-analysis-report
Felson, M. (2002). Crime and everyday life. Sage Publications.
Financial Times. (2023). FT Food Revolution. https://www.ft.com/video/cadc8354-ac0e-4833–9047-9b31120151d0
Florini, A. (Ed.). (2007). The right to know: Transparency for an open world. Columbia University Press.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1996). Rome declaration on world food security and world food summit plan of action. World food summit, Rome, Italy. https://www.fao.org/3/w3613e/w3613e00.htm
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2023). Food safety and quality. https://www.fao.org/food-safety/news/news-details/en/c/1661886/
Food Standards Agency. (2023). Food crime. https://www.food.gov.uk/safety-hygiene/food-crime
Grant, R. W., & Keohane, R. O. (2005). Accountability and abuses of power in world politics. American Political Science Review, 99(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051476
Hale, T. N. (2008). Transparency, accountability, and global governance. Global Governance, 14(1), 73–94. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27800692
Hendricks, L., & Masehela, T. (2024). A synopsis of crimes in the South African beekeeping industry: Contextualising the industry harms, malpractices, and risks. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 13(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.3247
Hillebrandt, M., Curtin, D., & Meijer, A. (2014). Transparency in the EU Council of Ministers: An institutional analysis. European Law Journal, 20(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12051
Holley, C., Shearing, C., Harrington, C., Kennedy, A., & Mutongwizo, T. (2018). Food security and the role of law in sustainable agriculture. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 14, 185–203. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101317–030945
Holt, T. J., & Bossler, A. M. (2008). Examining the applicability of lifestyle-routine activities theory for cybercrime victimization. Deviant Behavior, 30(1), 1–25.
Interpol. (2019). Illicit food and drink seized in global operation. https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2019/Illicit-food-and-drink-seized-in-global-operation
Interpol. (2021). Illicit food and drink worth EUR 53 million seized in global operation. https://www.interpol.int/News-and-Events/News/2021/Illicit-food-and-drink-worth-EUR-53-million-seized-in-global-operation
Interpol. (2024). Food crime operations. https://www.interpol.int/Crimes/Illicit-goods/Food-crime-operations
Kaufmann, D., & Bellver, A. (2005). Transparenting transparency: Initial empirics and policy applications. World Bank.
Khamala, C. A. (2022). Green crimes: The impact of genetically modified organisms on promoting food security in Kenya. African Human Rights Yearbook, ., 291–320. https://doi.org/10.29053/2523–1367/2022/v6a13
Kosack, S., & Fung, A. (2014). Does transparency improve governance? Annual Review of Political Science, 17(1), 65–87. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-032210–144356
Laszuk, M., & Šramková, D. (2021). Challenges of customs law during the paradigm of ‘facility and security’ in international trade. Białostockie Studia Prawnicze, 26(5), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2021.26.05.01
Lenartowicz, Ł. (2021). Formy przestępczości żywnościowej na przykładzie branży mięsnej. Kortowski Przegląd Prawniczy, ., 39–57. https://doi.org/10.31648/kpp.6730
Marzęda-Młynarska, K. (2014). Globalne zarządzanie bezpieczeństwem żywnościowym na przełomie XX i XXI wieku. Wydawnictwo UMCS.
Newman, G. R., & Clarke, R. V. (2003). Superhighway robbery: Preventing e-commerce crime. Willan Publishing.
Pływaczewski, E. W., et al. (2019). Kryminologia. Stan i perspektywy rozwoju z uwzględnieniem założeń Agendy ONZ na rzecz zrównoważonego rozwoju. Wolters Kluwer.
Pływaczewski, W., & Lewkowicz, A. (Eds.). (2015). Przeciwdziałanie patologiom na rynku żywności. Wydawnictwo Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie.
Pływaczewski, W., & Płocki, R. (Eds.). (2013). Nielegalny rynek żywności. Skala zjawiska i możliwości przeciwdziałania. Wydawnictwo Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie.
Rizzuti, A. (2020). Food crime: A review of the UK institutional perception of illicit practices in the food sector. Social Sciences, .(7), 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9070112
Robinson, M. (2023). Food crime: An introduction to deviance in the food industry. Routledge.
Shaw, D. J. (2007). World food security: A history since 1945. Palgrave Macmillan.
Spink, J., & Moyer, D. C. (2011). Defining the public health threat of food fraud. Journal of Food Science, 76(9), R157–R163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750–3841.2011.02417.x
United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld
Weitzer, R. (2014). New directions in research on human trafficking. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 653(1), 6–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716214521562
Wilson, B. (2008). Swindled: The dark history of food fraud, from poisoned candy to counterfeit coffee. Princeton University Press.
World Health Organization. (2022). Food safety. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-safety
Pobrania
Opublikowane
2025-01-09
Numer
Dział
Articles
