The Norwegian Model of Victim–Offender Mediation as an Original System Approach
Słowa kluczowe:
criminal proceedings, National Mediation Service, restorative justice, victim–offender mediationAbstrakt
Victim–offender mediation is considered the most widespread restorative justice measure. It is an institution based on a universal scheme of activities involving the victim and the offender, yet it occurs in a diverse legal environment. Various legal systems regulate the prerequisites for the use of mediation differently, defining in which cases it can be used and who can be a mediator, or giving an institutional framework to entities offering mediation services. One of the most interesting European mediation systems has been developed in Norway, which can be considered a pioneering country in terms of the origins of victim–offender mediation. Comprehensive legal regulation of mediation is a Norwegian peculiarity; it will be analysed in this article against the background of Polish solutions. This analysis will be a starting point for outlining the pitfalls and challenges facing mediation in Norway.Bibliografia
Andersen, P. (2015). Lay mediators in the future. Restorative Justice, .(1), 114–118.
Brienen, M. E. I., & Hoegen, E. H. (2000). Victims of crime in 22 European criminal justice systems: The implementation of Recommendation (85)11 of the Council of Europe on the position of the victim in the framework of criminal law and procedure. Wolf Legal Publications.
Central Administration of the National Mediation Service. (2021). The mediator’s handbook: Basic principles and practice advice for facilitators of restorative justice in the Norwegian National Mediation Services. Central Administration of the National Mediation Service. https://konfliktraadet.no/content/uploads/2021/06/The-Mediators-Handbooks-New-visual-profile-June-21-With-bookmarks.pdf
Christie, N. (2015). Widening the net. Restorative Justice, .(1), 109–113.
Dullum, J. (1996). The Norwegian mediation boards. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, .(4), 86–94.
Falck, S. (1992). The Norwegian community mediation centres at a crossroads. In H. Messmer & H.- U. Otto (Eds.), Restorative justice on trial: Pitfalls and potentials of victim–offender mediation. International research perspectives (pp. 131–148). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet. (2014, 30 June). Forskrift om konfliktrådsbehandling av 30. juni 2014. https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2014-06-30-923
Kemény, S. I. (2000). Policy developments and the concept of restorative justice through mediation. In European Forum for Victim–Offender Mediation and Restorative Justice (Ed.), Victim–offender mediation in Europe: Making restorative justice work (pp. 83–98). Leuven University Press.
Kemény, S. I. Victim–offender mediation with juvenile offenders in Norway. In A. Mestitz & S. Ghetti (Eds.), Victim–offender mediation with youth offenders in Europe: An overview and comparison of 15 countries (pp. 101–114). Springer.
Kulesza, C., & Kużelewski, D. (2018). Victim–offender mediation as an alternative to the criminal justice system in Poland. Temida, 21(1), 3–22.
Kużelewski, D. (2014). Ewolucja polskich uregulowań dotyczących mediacji w sprawach karnych na tle standardów europejskich. Białostockie Studia Prawnicze, 15, 175–183.
Lundgaard, J. M. (2015). Norway. In F. Dünkel, J. Grzywa-Holten, & P. Horsefield (Eds.), Restorative justice and mediation in penal matters: A stock-taking of legal issues, implementation strategies and outcomes in 36 European countries (Vol. 2) (pp. 619–636). Forum Verlag Godesberg.
Mestitz, A. (2005). A comparative perspective on victim–offender mediation with youth offenders throughout Europe. In A. Mestitz & S. Ghetti (Eds.), Victim–offender mediation with youth offenders in Europe: An overview and comparison of 15 countries (pp. 3–20). Springer.
Ministerstwo Sprawiedliwości. (2024). Opracowania wieloletnie. https://isws.ms.gov.pl/pl/baza-statystyczna/opracowania-wieloletnie/
Ministry of Justice and the Police. (1981, 22 May). Criminal Procedure Act of 22 May 1981. (Lov om rettergangsmåten i straffesaker (Straffeprosessloven)). http://www.ub.uio.no/ujur/ulovdata/lov-19810522-025-eng.pdf
Nergård, T. B. (1993). Solving conflicts outside the court system: Experiences with the conflict resolution boards in Norway. The British Journal of Criminology, 33(1), 81–94.
Paus, K. K. (2000). Victim–offender mediation in Norway. In European Forum for Victim–Offender Mediation and Restorative Justice (Ed.), Victim–offender mediation in Europe: Making restorative justice work (pp. 281–308). Leuven University Press.
Paus, K. K. (2005). Victim–offender mediation in Norway. In U. V. Bondeson (Ed.), Crime and justice in Scandinavia (pp. 503–527). Forlaget Thomson.
Paus, K. K. (2015). National Mediation Service (NMS) – Norway: Restorative justice – a humane and awarding response to crime. https://violenceagainstchildren.un.org/sites/violenceagainstchildren.un.org/files/expert_consultations/stranghtening_communities/field_visit_presentationkaren_kristin_paus_mediation_service.pdf
Paus, K. K. (2017). Restorative justice in Norway, values and practices at a crossroad. In I. Nafstad & K. Papendorf (Eds.), Restorative processes from Oslo to Havana and back: Discussions on implementing and strengthening restorative justice processes in Cuba and Norway (pp. 23–56). Novus Press.
Paus, K. K. (2018). The national mediation service: A top-down grassroots movement. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 31(1), 37–47.
Riksadvokaten. (2015, 16 January). Ungdomsstraff, ungdomsoppfølging, oppfølging i konfliktråd – foreløpige retningslinjer. January). Ungdomsstraff, ungdomsoppfølging, oppfølging i konfliktråd– foreløpige retningslinjer. https://www.riksadvokaten.no/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Forel%C3%B8pige-retningslinjer-ungdomsstraff.pdf
Riksadvokaten. (2017, 9 August). Ungdomsstraff – oppdaterte. https://www.riksadvokaten.no/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Oppdaterte-retningslinjer-ungdomsstraff.pdf
Sejm of Poland. (1997, 6 June). Code of Criminal Procedure (consolidated text: Journal of Laws of 2024, item 37, as amended). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19970890555/U/D19970555Lj.pdf
Sejm of Poland. (2015, 7 May). Regulation of Minister of Justice of 7 May 2015 on Mediation in Criminal Matters (Journal of Laws of 2015, item 716). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20150000716/O/D20150716.pdf
Sekretariatet for konfliktrådene (2023). Årsrapport 2022. Sekretariatet for konfliktrådene. https://konfliktraadet.no/content/uploads/2023/05/Arsrapport-2022-konfliktradet-endelig-versjon.pdf
Sekretariatet for konfliktrådene (2024). Årsrapport 2023. Sekretariatet for konfliktrådene. https://konfliktraadet.no/content/uploads/2024/05/arsrapport-konfliktradet-2023-medrevisjonsberetningen.pdf
Storting. (1991, 15 March). Act of 15 March 1991 Relating to Mediation by the National Mediation Service (the National Mediation Service Act). Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet. (1992, 13 August). Forskrift om megling i konfliktråd av 13. august 1992. http://www.ub.uio.no/ujur/ulovdata/lov-19910315-003-eng.pdf
Storting. (2001, 18 May). Act of 18 May 2001 Relating to the Execution of Sentences, etc. (The Execution of Sentences Act). (Lov om gjennomføring av straff mv (Straffegjennomføringsloven)). https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLE/lov/2001-05-18-21
Storting. (2005, 20 May). Penal Code of 20 May 2005. (Lov om straff (Straffeloven)). https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLE/lov/2005-05-20-28
Storting. (2014, 20 June). Act of 20 June 2014 Relating to Mediation by the National Mediation Service (The Mediation Service Act). https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLE/lov/2014-06-20-49
Brienen, M. E. I., & Hoegen, E. H. (2000). Victims of crime in 22 European criminal justice systems: The implementation of Recommendation (85)11 of the Council of Europe on the position of the victim in the framework of criminal law and procedure. Wolf Legal Publications.
Central Administration of the National Mediation Service. (2021). The mediator’s handbook: Basic principles and practice advice for facilitators of restorative justice in the Norwegian National Mediation Services. Central Administration of the National Mediation Service. https://konfliktraadet.no/content/uploads/2021/06/The-Mediators-Handbooks-New-visual-profile-June-21-With-bookmarks.pdf
Christie, N. (2015). Widening the net. Restorative Justice, .(1), 109–113.
Dullum, J. (1996). The Norwegian mediation boards. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, .(4), 86–94.
Falck, S. (1992). The Norwegian community mediation centres at a crossroads. In H. Messmer & H.- U. Otto (Eds.), Restorative justice on trial: Pitfalls and potentials of victim–offender mediation. International research perspectives (pp. 131–148). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet. (2014, 30 June). Forskrift om konfliktrådsbehandling av 30. juni 2014. https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2014-06-30-923
Kemény, S. I. (2000). Policy developments and the concept of restorative justice through mediation. In European Forum for Victim–Offender Mediation and Restorative Justice (Ed.), Victim–offender mediation in Europe: Making restorative justice work (pp. 83–98). Leuven University Press.
Kemény, S. I. Victim–offender mediation with juvenile offenders in Norway. In A. Mestitz & S. Ghetti (Eds.), Victim–offender mediation with youth offenders in Europe: An overview and comparison of 15 countries (pp. 101–114). Springer.
Kulesza, C., & Kużelewski, D. (2018). Victim–offender mediation as an alternative to the criminal justice system in Poland. Temida, 21(1), 3–22.
Kużelewski, D. (2014). Ewolucja polskich uregulowań dotyczących mediacji w sprawach karnych na tle standardów europejskich. Białostockie Studia Prawnicze, 15, 175–183.
Lundgaard, J. M. (2015). Norway. In F. Dünkel, J. Grzywa-Holten, & P. Horsefield (Eds.), Restorative justice and mediation in penal matters: A stock-taking of legal issues, implementation strategies and outcomes in 36 European countries (Vol. 2) (pp. 619–636). Forum Verlag Godesberg.
Mestitz, A. (2005). A comparative perspective on victim–offender mediation with youth offenders throughout Europe. In A. Mestitz & S. Ghetti (Eds.), Victim–offender mediation with youth offenders in Europe: An overview and comparison of 15 countries (pp. 3–20). Springer.
Ministerstwo Sprawiedliwości. (2024). Opracowania wieloletnie. https://isws.ms.gov.pl/pl/baza-statystyczna/opracowania-wieloletnie/
Ministry of Justice and the Police. (1981, 22 May). Criminal Procedure Act of 22 May 1981. (Lov om rettergangsmåten i straffesaker (Straffeprosessloven)). http://www.ub.uio.no/ujur/ulovdata/lov-19810522-025-eng.pdf
Nergård, T. B. (1993). Solving conflicts outside the court system: Experiences with the conflict resolution boards in Norway. The British Journal of Criminology, 33(1), 81–94.
Paus, K. K. (2000). Victim–offender mediation in Norway. In European Forum for Victim–Offender Mediation and Restorative Justice (Ed.), Victim–offender mediation in Europe: Making restorative justice work (pp. 281–308). Leuven University Press.
Paus, K. K. (2005). Victim–offender mediation in Norway. In U. V. Bondeson (Ed.), Crime and justice in Scandinavia (pp. 503–527). Forlaget Thomson.
Paus, K. K. (2015). National Mediation Service (NMS) – Norway: Restorative justice – a humane and awarding response to crime. https://violenceagainstchildren.un.org/sites/violenceagainstchildren.un.org/files/expert_consultations/stranghtening_communities/field_visit_presentationkaren_kristin_paus_mediation_service.pdf
Paus, K. K. (2017). Restorative justice in Norway, values and practices at a crossroad. In I. Nafstad & K. Papendorf (Eds.), Restorative processes from Oslo to Havana and back: Discussions on implementing and strengthening restorative justice processes in Cuba and Norway (pp. 23–56). Novus Press.
Paus, K. K. (2018). The national mediation service: A top-down grassroots movement. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 31(1), 37–47.
Riksadvokaten. (2015, 16 January). Ungdomsstraff, ungdomsoppfølging, oppfølging i konfliktråd – foreløpige retningslinjer. January). Ungdomsstraff, ungdomsoppfølging, oppfølging i konfliktråd– foreløpige retningslinjer. https://www.riksadvokaten.no/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Forel%C3%B8pige-retningslinjer-ungdomsstraff.pdf
Riksadvokaten. (2017, 9 August). Ungdomsstraff – oppdaterte. https://www.riksadvokaten.no/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Oppdaterte-retningslinjer-ungdomsstraff.pdf
Sejm of Poland. (1997, 6 June). Code of Criminal Procedure (consolidated text: Journal of Laws of 2024, item 37, as amended). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19970890555/U/D19970555Lj.pdf
Sejm of Poland. (2015, 7 May). Regulation of Minister of Justice of 7 May 2015 on Mediation in Criminal Matters (Journal of Laws of 2015, item 716). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20150000716/O/D20150716.pdf
Sekretariatet for konfliktrådene (2023). Årsrapport 2022. Sekretariatet for konfliktrådene. https://konfliktraadet.no/content/uploads/2023/05/Arsrapport-2022-konfliktradet-endelig-versjon.pdf
Sekretariatet for konfliktrådene (2024). Årsrapport 2023. Sekretariatet for konfliktrådene. https://konfliktraadet.no/content/uploads/2024/05/arsrapport-konfliktradet-2023-medrevisjonsberetningen.pdf
Storting. (1991, 15 March). Act of 15 March 1991 Relating to Mediation by the National Mediation Service (the National Mediation Service Act). Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet. (1992, 13 August). Forskrift om megling i konfliktråd av 13. august 1992. http://www.ub.uio.no/ujur/ulovdata/lov-19910315-003-eng.pdf
Storting. (2001, 18 May). Act of 18 May 2001 Relating to the Execution of Sentences, etc. (The Execution of Sentences Act). (Lov om gjennomføring av straff mv (Straffegjennomføringsloven)). https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLE/lov/2001-05-18-21
Storting. (2005, 20 May). Penal Code of 20 May 2005. (Lov om straff (Straffeloven)). https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLE/lov/2005-05-20-28
Storting. (2014, 20 June). Act of 20 June 2014 Relating to Mediation by the National Mediation Service (The Mediation Service Act). https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLE/lov/2014-06-20-49
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2025-01-09
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