Foreseeability and Prior Fault: Examining the Assessment Framework for Intoxication, Blame and Criminal Responsibility
Słowa kluczowe:
addiction, foreseeability, intoxication, non-accountability, non-responsibility, prior faultAbstrakt
Prior fault in cases of intoxication prevents any mental impairments stemming from the intoxication from having exculpatory or mitigatory effects. This article critically examines the pitfalls of using ‘foreseeability’ as a main requirement to establish prior fault in such cases in the Netherlands, with brief comparative references to Polish law. The appropriateness of foreseeability as a criterion strongly depends on the approach taken. When foreseeability is interpreted in an abstract manner, the ability to adequately differentiate between situations of prior fault is greatly reduced. Specifically for intoxication combined with addiction or other mental disorders, this approach to foreseeability may cause over-criminalization. The article provides suggestions for a more appropriate assessment framework, which could include a more concrete foreseeability requirement and a volitional criterion.Bibliografia
Allen, M., & Edwards, I. (2019). Criminal law (15th ed.). Oxford University Press.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
Bijlsma, J. (2011). Drank, drugs en culpa. Zelfintoxicatie en culpa in causa: pleidooi voor een voorzienbaarheidseis. Delikt en Delinkwent, ., 654–678.
Bijlsma, J. (2016). Stoornis en strafuitsluiting: Op zoek naar een toetsingskader voor ontoerekenbaarheid. Wolf Legal Publishers.
Bijlsma, J., Ligthart, S., & Nauta, E. (2022). Gaat de Hoge Raad klare wijn schenken over ontoerekenbaarheid? Twee vragen naar aanleiding van de zaak tegen Thijs H. in rechtsvergelijkend perspectief. Nederlands Juristenblad, 1135, 1466–1472.
Browning, J., & Goldberg, A. E. (2024). Criminal responsibility in addiction [manuscript submitted for publication]. Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge and University of Groningen.
Campbell, W. G. (2003). Addiction: A disease of volition caused by a cognitive impairment. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(10), 669–674.
Child, J. J. (2016). Prior fault: Blocking defences or constructing crimes. In A. Reed & M. Bohlander (Eds.), General defences in criminal law (pp. 37–50). Routledge.
Child, J. J., Crombag, H. S., & Sullivan, G. R. (2020). Defending the delusional, the irrational, and the dangerous. Criminal Law Review, ., 306–324.
Claessen, J., & de Vocht, D. (2012). Straf naar de mate van schuld? Delikt en Delinkwent, 42(7), 652–674.
Crisp, A. H., Gelder, M. G., Rix, S., Meltzer, H. I., & Rowlands, O. J. (2000). Stigmatisation of people with mental illnesses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(1), 4–7. doi: 10.1192/bjp.177.1.4
De Hullu, J. (2018). Materieel strafrecht: over algemene leerstukken van strafrechtelijke aansprakelijkheid naar Nederlands recht (7th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Faulkner, N. (2012). The criminal code: Kodeks karny. C. H. Beck.
Goldberg, A. E. (2020). The (in)significance of the addiction debate. Neuroethics, 13(3), 311–324. doi: 10.1007/s12152–019-09424–5
Goldberg, A. E. (2022). Blaming the addicted brain: Building bridges between criminal law and neuroscientific perspectives on addiction. Eleven International Publishing.
Goldberg, A. E., Child, J. J., Crombag, H. S., & Roef, D. (2021). Prior-fault blame in England and Wales, Germany and the Netherlands. Journal of International & Comparative Law, ., 53–86.
Goldberg, A. E., Altena, A., Beute, W., Buderman, C., Jongen, S., Oldenburger, A., Staring, M., Wierenga, E., & van der Wolf, M. (2024). Verslaafd en verantwoordelijk? Complexe culpa in causa kwesties in rapportage pro Justitia en jurisprudentie. Delikt & Delinkwent, 10(58).
Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2011). Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: Neuroimaging findings and clinical implications. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(11), 652–669. doi: 10.1038/nrn3119
Golonka, A. D. (2021). Alcohol-related crime or no crime because of the perpetrator’s (factual) insanity? Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 11(6(S)), S146–S163.
Grund, J. P. C., & Breeksema, J. J. (2017). Drug policy in the Netherlands. In R. Colson & H. Bergeron (Eds.), European drug policies (pp. 128–148). Routledge.
Hall, W., & Degenhardt, L. (2008). Cannabis use and the risk of developing a psychotic disorder. World Psychiatry, .(2), 68–71. doi: 10.1002/j.2051–5545.2008.tb00158.x
Heitzman, J., & Markiewicz, I. (2012). Niepoczytalność – doktryna, praktyka, skuteczność, alternatywa. Psychiatria Po Dyplomie, .(3), 1–6.
Heyman, G. M. (2009). Addiction: A disorder of choice. Harvard University Press.
Holma, K., Koski-Jännes, A., Raitasalo, K., Blomqvist, J., Pervova, I., & Cunningham, J. A. (2011). Perceptions of addictions as societal problems in Canada, Sweden, Finland and St. Petersburg, Russia. European Addiction Research, 17(2), 106–112. doi: 10.1159/000323278
Hörnle, T. (1999). Das antiquierte Schuldverständnis der traditionellen Strafzumessungsrechtsprechung und lehre, JuristenZeitung, 54, 1080–1089.
Jansen, R. (2020). Drie modellen voor eigen schuld bij strafuitsluitingsgronden. Boom Strafblad, ., 209–218.
Jellinek. (n.d.). Cannabis, wiet en hasj: cijfers. Hoeveel mensen blowen? https://www.jellinek.nl/informatie-over-alcohol-drugs/drugs/cannabis-wiet-hasj/cijfers/
Jentsch, J. D., Ashenhurst, J. R., Cervantes, M. C., Groman, S. M., James, A. S., & Pennington, Z. T. (2014). Dissecting impulsivity and its relationships to drug addictions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1327, 1–26. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12388
Judgement of the Court of Appeal in ’s-Hertogenbosch of 29 February 2016, file ref. ECLI:NL:GHSHE:2016:704.
Judgement of the Court of First Instance in Amsterdam of 26 April 2023, file ref. ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2023:2762.
Judgement of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands of 9 June 1981, file ref. ECLI:NL:HR:1981:AC090.
Judgement of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands of 12 February 2008(a), file ref. ECLI:NL:HR:2008:BC3797.
Judgement of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands of 9 December 2008(b), file ref. ECLI:NL:HR:2008:BD2775.
Judgement of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands of 17 October 2023, file ref. ECLI:NL:HR:2023:1295.
Leshner, A. I. (1997). Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters. Science, 278(5335), 45–47. doi: 10.1126/science.278.5335.45
Lindenberg, K., & Wolswijk, H. (2021). Het materiële strafrecht. Wolters Kluwer.
Mebius, L., Prinsen, M., Kempes, M., & van der Wolf, M. (2023). Maar hoe verminderd toerekeningsvatbaar bent u dan precies? Een empirische en juridische studie van de mogelijkheid om de’verminderde toerekeningsvatbaarheid nader te preciseren. Boom Strafblad, ., 216–225.
Meynen, G. (2016). Legal insanity: Explorations in psychiatry, law, and ethics. Springer.
Meynen, G. (2022). Legal insanity in the Netherlands: Regulations and reflections. In R. Mackay & W. Brookbanks (Eds.), The insanity defence: International and comparative perspectives (pp. 274–294). Oxford University Press.
Moore, T. H., Zammit, S., & Lingford-Hughes, A. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: A systematic review. Lancet, 370, 319–328. doi: 10.1016/S0140–6736(07)61162–3
Nauta, E., Ligthart, S., & Meynen, G. (2024). Stoornis en ontoerekenbaarheid: Het arrest van de Hoge Raad in de zaak Thijs H. Nederlands Juristenblad, ., 6–12.
Pescosolido, B. A., Monahan, J., Link, B. G., Stueve, A., & Kikuzawa, S. (1999). The public’s view of the competence, dangerousness, and need for legal coercion of persons with mental health problems. American Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1339–1345. doi: 10.2105/ajph.89.9.1339
Pickard, H. (2012). The purpose in chronic addiction. American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience, .(2), 40–49. doi: 10.1080/21507740.2012.663058
Room, R., Rehm, J., Trotter, R. T., Paglia, A., & Üstün, T. B. (2001). Cross-cultural views on stigma, valuation, parity and societal values towards disability. In T. B. Üstün, S. Chatterji, J. E. Bickenbach, R. T. Trotter, R. Room, J. Rehm, & S. Saxena (Eds.), Disability and culture: Universalism and diversity (pp. 247–291). Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
Sattler, S., Escande, A., Racine, E., & Göritz, A. S. (2017). Public stigma toward people with drug addiction: A factorial survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 78(3), 415–425. doi: 10.15288/jsad.2017.78.415
Sjöberg, L., & Olsson, G. (1981). Volitional problems in carrying through a difficult decision: The case of drug addiction. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, .(2), 177–191.
Smith, J. L., Mattick, R. P., Jamadar, S. D., & Iredale, J. M. (2014). Deficits in behavioural inhibition in substance abuse and addiction: A meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 145, 1–33. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.009
Van Boekel, L. C., Brouwers, E. P. M., van Weeghel, J., & Garretsen, H. F. L (2013). Public opinion on imposing restrictions to people with an alcohol or drug addiction: A cross-sectional survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(12), 2007–2016. doi: 10.1007/s00127–013-0704–0700
Van Netburg, C. J. (1994). Eigen schuld!? ‘Culpa in causa’ bij wettelijke strafuitsluitingsgronden. WODC.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
Bijlsma, J. (2011). Drank, drugs en culpa. Zelfintoxicatie en culpa in causa: pleidooi voor een voorzienbaarheidseis. Delikt en Delinkwent, ., 654–678.
Bijlsma, J. (2016). Stoornis en strafuitsluiting: Op zoek naar een toetsingskader voor ontoerekenbaarheid. Wolf Legal Publishers.
Bijlsma, J., Ligthart, S., & Nauta, E. (2022). Gaat de Hoge Raad klare wijn schenken over ontoerekenbaarheid? Twee vragen naar aanleiding van de zaak tegen Thijs H. in rechtsvergelijkend perspectief. Nederlands Juristenblad, 1135, 1466–1472.
Browning, J., & Goldberg, A. E. (2024). Criminal responsibility in addiction [manuscript submitted for publication]. Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge and University of Groningen.
Campbell, W. G. (2003). Addiction: A disease of volition caused by a cognitive impairment. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(10), 669–674.
Child, J. J. (2016). Prior fault: Blocking defences or constructing crimes. In A. Reed & M. Bohlander (Eds.), General defences in criminal law (pp. 37–50). Routledge.
Child, J. J., Crombag, H. S., & Sullivan, G. R. (2020). Defending the delusional, the irrational, and the dangerous. Criminal Law Review, ., 306–324.
Claessen, J., & de Vocht, D. (2012). Straf naar de mate van schuld? Delikt en Delinkwent, 42(7), 652–674.
Crisp, A. H., Gelder, M. G., Rix, S., Meltzer, H. I., & Rowlands, O. J. (2000). Stigmatisation of people with mental illnesses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(1), 4–7. doi: 10.1192/bjp.177.1.4
De Hullu, J. (2018). Materieel strafrecht: over algemene leerstukken van strafrechtelijke aansprakelijkheid naar Nederlands recht (7th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Faulkner, N. (2012). The criminal code: Kodeks karny. C. H. Beck.
Goldberg, A. E. (2020). The (in)significance of the addiction debate. Neuroethics, 13(3), 311–324. doi: 10.1007/s12152–019-09424–5
Goldberg, A. E. (2022). Blaming the addicted brain: Building bridges between criminal law and neuroscientific perspectives on addiction. Eleven International Publishing.
Goldberg, A. E., Child, J. J., Crombag, H. S., & Roef, D. (2021). Prior-fault blame in England and Wales, Germany and the Netherlands. Journal of International & Comparative Law, ., 53–86.
Goldberg, A. E., Altena, A., Beute, W., Buderman, C., Jongen, S., Oldenburger, A., Staring, M., Wierenga, E., & van der Wolf, M. (2024). Verslaafd en verantwoordelijk? Complexe culpa in causa kwesties in rapportage pro Justitia en jurisprudentie. Delikt & Delinkwent, 10(58).
Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2011). Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: Neuroimaging findings and clinical implications. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(11), 652–669. doi: 10.1038/nrn3119
Golonka, A. D. (2021). Alcohol-related crime or no crime because of the perpetrator’s (factual) insanity? Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 11(6(S)), S146–S163.
Grund, J. P. C., & Breeksema, J. J. (2017). Drug policy in the Netherlands. In R. Colson & H. Bergeron (Eds.), European drug policies (pp. 128–148). Routledge.
Hall, W., & Degenhardt, L. (2008). Cannabis use and the risk of developing a psychotic disorder. World Psychiatry, .(2), 68–71. doi: 10.1002/j.2051–5545.2008.tb00158.x
Heitzman, J., & Markiewicz, I. (2012). Niepoczytalność – doktryna, praktyka, skuteczność, alternatywa. Psychiatria Po Dyplomie, .(3), 1–6.
Heyman, G. M. (2009). Addiction: A disorder of choice. Harvard University Press.
Holma, K., Koski-Jännes, A., Raitasalo, K., Blomqvist, J., Pervova, I., & Cunningham, J. A. (2011). Perceptions of addictions as societal problems in Canada, Sweden, Finland and St. Petersburg, Russia. European Addiction Research, 17(2), 106–112. doi: 10.1159/000323278
Hörnle, T. (1999). Das antiquierte Schuldverständnis der traditionellen Strafzumessungsrechtsprechung und lehre, JuristenZeitung, 54, 1080–1089.
Jansen, R. (2020). Drie modellen voor eigen schuld bij strafuitsluitingsgronden. Boom Strafblad, ., 209–218.
Jellinek. (n.d.). Cannabis, wiet en hasj: cijfers. Hoeveel mensen blowen? https://www.jellinek.nl/informatie-over-alcohol-drugs/drugs/cannabis-wiet-hasj/cijfers/
Jentsch, J. D., Ashenhurst, J. R., Cervantes, M. C., Groman, S. M., James, A. S., & Pennington, Z. T. (2014). Dissecting impulsivity and its relationships to drug addictions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1327, 1–26. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12388
Judgement of the Court of Appeal in ’s-Hertogenbosch of 29 February 2016, file ref. ECLI:NL:GHSHE:2016:704.
Judgement of the Court of First Instance in Amsterdam of 26 April 2023, file ref. ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2023:2762.
Judgement of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands of 9 June 1981, file ref. ECLI:NL:HR:1981:AC090.
Judgement of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands of 12 February 2008(a), file ref. ECLI:NL:HR:2008:BC3797.
Judgement of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands of 9 December 2008(b), file ref. ECLI:NL:HR:2008:BD2775.
Judgement of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands of 17 October 2023, file ref. ECLI:NL:HR:2023:1295.
Leshner, A. I. (1997). Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters. Science, 278(5335), 45–47. doi: 10.1126/science.278.5335.45
Lindenberg, K., & Wolswijk, H. (2021). Het materiële strafrecht. Wolters Kluwer.
Mebius, L., Prinsen, M., Kempes, M., & van der Wolf, M. (2023). Maar hoe verminderd toerekeningsvatbaar bent u dan precies? Een empirische en juridische studie van de mogelijkheid om de’verminderde toerekeningsvatbaarheid nader te preciseren. Boom Strafblad, ., 216–225.
Meynen, G. (2016). Legal insanity: Explorations in psychiatry, law, and ethics. Springer.
Meynen, G. (2022). Legal insanity in the Netherlands: Regulations and reflections. In R. Mackay & W. Brookbanks (Eds.), The insanity defence: International and comparative perspectives (pp. 274–294). Oxford University Press.
Moore, T. H., Zammit, S., & Lingford-Hughes, A. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: A systematic review. Lancet, 370, 319–328. doi: 10.1016/S0140–6736(07)61162–3
Nauta, E., Ligthart, S., & Meynen, G. (2024). Stoornis en ontoerekenbaarheid: Het arrest van de Hoge Raad in de zaak Thijs H. Nederlands Juristenblad, ., 6–12.
Pescosolido, B. A., Monahan, J., Link, B. G., Stueve, A., & Kikuzawa, S. (1999). The public’s view of the competence, dangerousness, and need for legal coercion of persons with mental health problems. American Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1339–1345. doi: 10.2105/ajph.89.9.1339
Pickard, H. (2012). The purpose in chronic addiction. American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience, .(2), 40–49. doi: 10.1080/21507740.2012.663058
Room, R., Rehm, J., Trotter, R. T., Paglia, A., & Üstün, T. B. (2001). Cross-cultural views on stigma, valuation, parity and societal values towards disability. In T. B. Üstün, S. Chatterji, J. E. Bickenbach, R. T. Trotter, R. Room, J. Rehm, & S. Saxena (Eds.), Disability and culture: Universalism and diversity (pp. 247–291). Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
Sattler, S., Escande, A., Racine, E., & Göritz, A. S. (2017). Public stigma toward people with drug addiction: A factorial survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 78(3), 415–425. doi: 10.15288/jsad.2017.78.415
Sjöberg, L., & Olsson, G. (1981). Volitional problems in carrying through a difficult decision: The case of drug addiction. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, .(2), 177–191.
Smith, J. L., Mattick, R. P., Jamadar, S. D., & Iredale, J. M. (2014). Deficits in behavioural inhibition in substance abuse and addiction: A meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 145, 1–33. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.009
Van Boekel, L. C., Brouwers, E. P. M., van Weeghel, J., & Garretsen, H. F. L (2013). Public opinion on imposing restrictions to people with an alcohol or drug addiction: A cross-sectional survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(12), 2007–2016. doi: 10.1007/s00127–013-0704–0700
Van Netburg, C. J. (1994). Eigen schuld!? ‘Culpa in causa’ bij wettelijke strafuitsluitingsgronden. WODC.
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2025-01-09
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