Compulsory Voting in Belgium. A Few Remarks on Mandatory Voting

Autor

Abstrakt

Democracy is not possible without the participation of citizens in politics. One of the duties required of citizens for development of democracy is the selection of representatives to parliament. Belgium is one of several European countries with compulsory voting. The Belgian compulsory voting system is the oldest and the most stable in the world. Although views on mandatory voting are split, it remains in use and non-participation in elections is sanctioned. The aim of the article is to analyze compulsory voting in Belgium, identifying the reasons for its introduction and discussing the ongoing debate in that country on whether the practice should be maintained or abolished.

Bibliografia

Achour R.B., Etat de la question. Pour ou contre le vote obligatoire?, Institut Emile Vandervelve 2010, p. 21, http://www.iev.be/getattachment/04267ce6-9f77-4518-9bd5-b4b7d1bc174c/Pour-oucontre-le-vote-obligatoire--.aspx

Baston L., K. Ritchie, Turning out Or Turing off ? An analysis of political disengagement and what can be done about it?, London 2014, http:electoral-reform.org.uk.downloadefi le/turning-out-or-turning-off -.pdf

Birch S., Full participation. A comparative study of compulsory voting, United Nations ress, 2009 Briggs J., K. Celis, For or Against: Compulsory Voting in Britain and Belgium, Social and Public Policy Review 2010, 4(1)

de Winter L., J. Ackaert, Compulsory Voting in Belgium: a Reply to Hooghe and Pelleriaux, Electoral Studies, vol. 17 (4)

Deschouwer K., Political Parties and Their Reactions to the Erosion of Voter Loyalty in Belgium: Caught in a Trap, (in:) P. Mair, W.C. Müller, F. Plasser (eds.), Political Parties and Electoral Change, Sage 2004

Dydak E., A. Saczuk, Królestwo Belgii, w: K.A. Wojtaszczyk, M. Poboży (eds.), Systemy polityczne państw Unii Europejskiej, Warszawa 2013

Engelen B., Why Compulsory Voting Can Enhance Democracy, Acta Politica 2007, No. 42

Franklin M.N., Electoral Participation, (in:) L. Leduc, R.G. Niemi, P. Norris (eds.), Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective, London 1996

Głowacki A., System konstytucyjny Belgii, Warszawa 1997

Gratschew M., Compulsory Voting in Western Europe (in:) Voter Turnout in Western Europe

Hill L., Compulsory voting in Australia: a basis for a ‘best practice’ regime, Federal Law Review 2004, vol. 32

Hooghe M., K. Deschouwer, Veto Players and Electoral Reform in Belgium, West European Politics, 2011, vol. 34(3)

Hooghe M., K. Pelleriaux, Compulsory Voting in Belgium: an Application of the Lijphart Th esis, Electoral Studies 1998, vol. 17(4)

Jackman S., Compulsory Voting, International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Jankowska R., Głosowanie obowiązkowe a demokracja. Przykład Królestwa Belgii, (in:) S. Wróbel (ed.), Dylematy współczesnej demokracji, Toruń 2011

Konstytucja Królestwa Belgii, Tłumaczenie i wstęp. W. Skrzydło, Warszawa 2010 Kryszeń G., Przymus wyborczy, Przegląd Sejmowy 2004, No. 3(62)

Kryszeń G., Standardy prawne wolnych wyborów parlamentarnych, Białystok 2007

Kużelewska E., Language Border and Linguistic Legislation in Belgium, Michigan State International Law Review 2015, vol. 3, http://msuilr.org/?forum-conveniens=language-border-and-linguisticlegisla-tion-in-belgium

Lever A., Compulsory voting: a critical perspective, British Journal of Political Science, March 2009 Lijphard A., Unequal Participation: Democracy’s Unresolved Dilemma, American Political

Science Review 1997, vol. 91, No. 1

Lijphart A., Th inking about democracy. Power sharing and majority rule in theory and practice, Routledge 2008

Lund E., Compulsory voting: a possible cure for partisanship and apathy in U.S. politics, Wisconsin International Law Journal, vol. 31(1)

Malkopolou A., The History of Compulsory Voting in Europe. Democracy’s Duty?, Routledge 2015 Marien S., Is Compulsory Voting a Good Idea? The Consequences of Compulsory Voting in

Belgium, PartiRep Research Network Brussels/Leuven 2007

Matsler S., Notes. Compulsory Voting in America?, Southern California Law Review 2003, vol. 76, http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~usclrev/pdf/076404.pdf

Młynarska-Sobaczewska A., Prawo wyborcze do parlamentu Królestwa Belgii, (in:) S. Grabowska, K. Składowski (eds.), Prawo wyborcze do parlamentu w wybranych państwach europejskich,

Zakamycze 2006

Muxel A., Les enjeux. Des élections européennes en manque d’électeurs, mais une relative stabilisation de la participation, SciencePO Juin 2014, No. 4, p. 3, http://www.cevipof.com/rtefi les/File/ELECTIONS%20EUROPEENNES/noteMUXEL.pdf

Pilet J.-B., Choosing compulsory voting in Belgium: strategies and ideas combined, http://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/53cb7c8c-38e0-4a02-8cdc-47d70494182f.pdf, 2007

Pion G., Le vote blanc et nul en Wallonie: analyse écologique et individuelle, Belgeo (Revue Belge de Géographie): Miscellaneous 2010, No. 3

Rachwał M., Przymus wyborczy a legitymizacja władzy politycznej, Studia Polityczne 2012, No. 4

Stengert J., Histoire de la législation électorale en Belgique, Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire. Tome 82 fasc. 1-2, 2004. Histoire medievale, moderne et contemporaine – Middeleeuwse. moderne en hedendaagse geschiedenis van Aelst P., J. Lefevere, Has Europe got anything to do with the European elections? A study on split-ticket voting in the Belgian regional and European elections of 2009, European Union Politics 2012, vol. 13(3)

Żołądek L., Przymus wyborczy. Geneza, praktyka funkcjonowania, argumenty za i przeciw, Studia BAS 2011, 3 (27)

Żukowski A., Przymus wyborczy – istota, przesłanki i implikacje, Prawo i Polityka, 2009, No. 1(1)

Pobrania

Opublikowane

2016-07-01